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-
- Real Time Clock Driver for Linux
- ================================
-
- All PCs (even Alpha machines) have a Real Time Clock built into them.
- Usually they are built into the chipset of the computer, but some may
- actually have a Motorola MC146818 (or clone) on the board. This is the
- clock that keeps the date and time while your computer is turned off.
-
- However it can also be used to generate signals from a slow 2Hz to a
- relatively fast 8192Hz, in increments of powers of two. These signals
- are reported by interrupt number 8. (Oh! So *that* is what IRQ 8 is
- for...) It can also function as a 24hr alarm, raising IRQ 8 when the
- alarm goes off. The alarm can also be programmed to only check any
- subset of the three programmable values, meaning that it could be set to
- ring on the 30th second of the 30th minute of every hour, for example.
- The clock can also be set to generate an interrupt upon every clock
- update, thus generating a 1Hz signal.
-
- The interrupts are reported via /dev/rtc (major 10, minor 135, read only
- character device) in the form of an unsigned long. The low byte contains
- the type of interrupt (update-done, alarm-rang, or periodic) that was
- raised, and the remaining bytes contain the number of interrupts since
- the last read. Status information is reported through the pseudo-file
- /proc/rtc if the /proc filesystem was enabled. The driver has built in
- locking so that only one process is allowed to have the /dev/rtc
- interface open at a time.
-
- A user process can monitor these interrupts by doing a read(2) or a
- select(2) on /dev/rtc -- either will block/stop the user process until
- the next interrupt is received. This is useful for things like
- reasonably high frequency data acquisition where one doesn't want to
- burn up 100% CPU by polling gettimeofday etc. etc.
-
- At high frequencies, or under high loads, the user process should check
- the number of interrupts received since the last read to determine if
- there has been any interrupt "pileup" so to speak. Just for reference, a
- typical 486-33 running a tight read loop on /dev/rtc will start to suffer
- occasional interrupt pileup (i.e. > 1 IRQ event since last read) for
- frequencies above 1024Hz. So you really should check the high bytes
- of the value you read, especially at frequencies above that of the
- normal timer interrupt, which is 100Hz.
-
- Programming and/or enabling interrupt frequencies greater than 64Hz is
- only allowed by root. This is perhaps a bit conservative, but we don't want
- an evil user generating lots of IRQs on a slow 386sx-16, where it might have
- a negative impact on performance. Note that the interrupt handler is only
- a few lines of code to minimize any possibility of this effect.
-
- Also, if the kernel time is synchronized with an external source, the
- kernel will write the time back to the CMOS clock every 11 minutes. In
- the process of doing this, the kernel briefly turns off RTC periodic
- interrupts, so be aware of this if you are doing serious work. If you
- don't synchronize the kernel time with an external source (via ntp or
- whatever) then the kernel will keep its hands off the RTC, allowing you
- exclusive access to the device for your applications.
-
- The alarm and/or interrupt frequency are programmed into the RTC via
- various ioctl(2) calls as listed in ./include/linux/mc146818rtc.h
- Rather than write 50 pages describing the ioctl() and so on, it is
- perhaps more useful to include a small test program that demonstrates
- how to use them, and demonstrates the features of the driver. This is
- probably a lot more useful to people interested in writing applications
- that will be using this driver.
-
- Paul Gortmaker
-
- Update in version 1.09
- ======================
-
- Epoch handling is added. Epoch is the number which should be added to the
- value of the clock's year register to get the actual year. The default
- Linux epoch is therefore 1900.
-
- Epochs are especially useful on Alphas where different operating systems
- use different epochs, and Linux wants to be compatible with all of them.
- They may eventually be helpful on Intel architecture as well, where a
- value of an RTC register cannot exceed 99 due to BCD tradition originated
- from DOS.
-
- When the epoch is set to 1900, the new code behaves exactly like the old
- one with respect to the BCD wrapping: values 00 - 69 are treated as if
- they were 100 - 169. That means that after the 2000th year epoch 1900
- will be the same as epoch 2000.
-
- Two new ioctls are introduced to read and set the epoch, RTC_EPOCH_READ
- and RTC_EPOCH_SET. They can be used in exactly the same manner as
- RTC_IRQP_READ and RTC_IRQP_SET, so they are not included in the example
- program below.
-
- On Alphas an epoch autodetection is performed. Currently 3 epochs
- are recognised: Linux (1900), Digital UNIX (1952) and Windows NT (1980).
-
- Nikita Schmidt <cetus@snowball.ucd.ie>
-
-
- -------------------- 8< ---------------- 8< -----------------------------
-
- /*
- * Real Time Clock Driver Test/Example Program
- *
- * Compile with:
- * gcc -s -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes rtctest.c -o rtctest
- *
- * Copyright (C) 1996, Paul Gortmaker.
- *
- * Released under the GNU General Public License, version 2,
- * included herein by reference.
- *
- */
-
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <linux/mc146818rtc.h>
- #include <sys/ioctl.h>
- #include <sys/time.h>
- #include <sys/types.h>
- #include <fcntl.h>
- #include <unistd.h>
- #include <errno.h>
-
- void main(void) {
-
- int i, fd, retval, irqcount = 0;
- unsigned long tmp, data;
- struct rtc_time rtc_tm;
-
- fd = open ("/dev/rtc", O_RDONLY);
-
- if (fd == -1) {
- perror("/dev/rtc");
- exit(errno);
- }
-
- fprintf(stderr, "\n\t\t\tRTC Driver Test Example.\n\n");
-
- /* Turn on update interrupts (one per second) */
- retval = ioctl(fd, RTC_UIE_ON, 0);
- if (retval == -1) {
- perror("ioctl");
- exit(errno);
- }
-
- fprintf(stderr, "Counting 5 update (1/sec) interrupts from reading /dev/rtc:");
- fflush(stderr);
- for (i=1; i<6; i++) {
- /* This read will block */
- retval = read(fd, &data, sizeof(unsigned long));
- if (retval == -1) {
- perror("read");
- exit(errno);
- }
- fprintf(stderr, " %d",i);
- fflush(stderr);
- irqcount++;
- }
-
- fprintf(stderr, "\nAgain, from using select(2) on /dev/rtc:");
- fflush(stderr);
- for (i=1; i<6; i++) {
- struct timeval tv = {5, 0}; /* 5 second timeout on select */
- struct fd_set readfds;
-
- FD_ZERO(&readfds);
- FD_SET(fd, &readfds);
- /* The select will wait until an RTC interrupt happens. */
- retval = select(fd+1, &readfds, NULL, NULL, &tv);
- if (retval == -1) {
- perror("select");
- exit(errno);
- }
- /* This read won't block unlike the select-less case above. */
- retval = read(fd, &data, sizeof(unsigned long));
- if (retval == -1) {
- perror("read");
- exit(errno);
- }
- fprintf(stderr, " %d",i);
- fflush(stderr);
- irqcount++;
- }
-
- /* Turn off update interrupts */
- retval = ioctl(fd, RTC_UIE_OFF, 0);
- if (retval == -1) {
- perror("ioctl");
- exit(errno);
- }
-
- /* Read the RTC time/date */
- retval = ioctl(fd, RTC_RD_TIME, &rtc_tm);
- if (retval == -1) {
- perror("ioctl");
- exit(errno);
- }
-
- fprintf(stderr, "\n\nCurrent RTC date/time is %d-%d-%d, %02d:%02d:%02d.\n",
- rtc_tm.tm_mday, rtc_tm.tm_mon + 1, rtc_tm.tm_year + 1900,
- rtc_tm.tm_hour, rtc_tm.tm_min, rtc_tm.tm_sec);
-
- /* Set the alarm to 5 sec in the future, and check for rollover */
- rtc_tm.tm_sec += 5;
- if (rtc_tm.tm_sec >= 60) {
- rtc_tm.tm_sec %= 60;
- rtc_tm.tm_min++;
- }
- if (rtc_tm.tm_min == 60) {
- rtc_tm.tm_min = 0;
- rtc_tm.tm_hour++;
- }
- if (rtc_tm.tm_hour == 24)
- rtc_tm.tm_hour = 0;
-
- retval = ioctl(fd, RTC_ALM_SET, &rtc_tm);
- if (retval == -1) {
- perror("ioctl");
- exit(errno);
- }
-
- /* Read the current alarm settings */
- retval = ioctl(fd, RTC_ALM_READ, &rtc_tm);
- if (retval == -1) {
- perror("ioctl");
- exit(errno);
- }
-
- fprintf(stderr, "Alarm time now set to %02d:%02d:%02d.\n",
- rtc_tm.tm_hour, rtc_tm.tm_min, rtc_tm.tm_sec);
-
- /* Enable alarm interrupts */
- retval = ioctl(fd, RTC_AIE_ON, 0);
- if (retval == -1) {
- perror("ioctl");
- exit(errno);
- }
-
- fprintf(stderr, "Waiting 5 seconds for alarm...");
- fflush(stderr);
- /* This blocks until the alarm ring causes an interrupt */
- retval = read(fd, &data, sizeof(unsigned long));
- if (retval == -1) {
- perror("read");
- exit(errno);
- }
- irqcount++;
- fprintf(stderr, " okay. Alarm rang.\n");
-
- /* Disable alarm interrupts */
- retval = ioctl(fd, RTC_AIE_OFF, 0);
- if (retval == -1) {
- perror("ioctl");
- exit(errno);
- }
-
- /* Read periodic IRQ rate */
- retval = ioctl(fd, RTC_IRQP_READ, &tmp);
- if (retval == -1) {
- perror("ioctl");
- exit(errno);
- }
- fprintf(stderr, "\nPeriodic IRQ rate was %ldHz.\n", tmp);
-
- fprintf(stderr, "Counting 20 interrupts at:");
- fflush(stderr);
-
- /* The frequencies 128Hz, 256Hz, ... 8192Hz are only allowed for root. */
- for (tmp=2; tmp<=64; tmp*=2) {
-
- retval = ioctl(fd, RTC_IRQP_SET, tmp);
- if (retval == -1) {
- perror("ioctl");
- exit(errno);
- }
-
- fprintf(stderr, "\n%ldHz:\t", tmp);
- fflush(stderr);
-
- /* Enable periodic interrupts */
- retval = ioctl(fd, RTC_PIE_ON, 0);
- if (retval == -1) {
- perror("ioctl");
- exit(errno);
- }
-
- for (i=1; i<21; i++) {
- /* This blocks */
- retval = read(fd, &data, sizeof(unsigned long));
- if (retval == -1) {
- perror("read");
- exit(errno);
- }
- fprintf(stderr, " %d",i);
- fflush(stderr);
- irqcount++;
- }
-
- /* Disable periodic interrupts */
- retval = ioctl(fd, RTC_PIE_OFF, 0);
- if (retval == -1) {
- perror("ioctl");
- exit(errno);
- }
- }
-
- fprintf(stderr, "\n\n\t\t\t *** Test complete ***\n");
- fprintf(stderr, "\nTyping \"cat /proc/interrupts\" will show %d more events on IRQ 8.\n\n",
- irqcount);
-
- close(fd);
-
- } /* end main */
-